Organic solar cells (OSCs) have received widespread attention due to light weight, low cost, semitransparency and ease of solution processing. By continuously improving materials design, active layer morphology, and device fabrication techniques, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs have exceeded 20%. The morphology of the active layer, which includes the phase separation structure, the degree of crystallinity of molecules, and the domain sizes, plays a critically important role in the performance, which is significantly influenced by the crystallization dynamics of the donor and acceptor. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehensively understand how the dynamics impact the film structure and how to effectively employ the kinetic procedure to enhance the structure of the active layer in OSCs. In this review, the methods and principles of kinetics characterization were introduced. Afterwards, the latest advancements in the control of film-forming and the post annealing process are outlined, unveiling the underlying mechanism. In conclusion, the potential and future of OSCs were anticipated and projected. Researchers may gain a comprehensive comprehension of how the dynamic process affects the morphology through this review, potentially enhancing the performance of OSCs.

Artificial Intelligence-guided mapping of persistent atrial fibrillation:

Previous reports indicate variable soybean quality parameters exported from different geographic regions. This review compares soybean and soybean co-products grown under diverse environmental conditions. While numerous studies have been conducted on whole soybean and soybean meal (SBM) composition by origin, similar analysis of soybean oil is lacking. This review has two objectives: 1) summarize soybean and SBM quality by origin using a meta-analysis approach, and 2) analyze collected crude degummed soybean oil samples that originate from the US, Brazil and Argentina for key quality attributes. Soybeans from Brazil have higher levels of protein (P < 0.05) than US soybeans, but US soybeans have lower heat damage (P < 0.05) and total damage (P < 0.05) than soybeans from Brazil. US and Brazil SBM have higher crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) than SBM from Argentina. At equal CP content, US SBM had less fiber (P < 0.0001), more sucrose (P < 0.0001) and lysine (P < 0.0001) and better protein quality than South American SBMs. Methionine, threonine, and cysteine levels were similar in soybean protein from US and Argentina and higher than that in soybean protein from Brazil. Crude degummed soybean oil from Brazil had more (P < 0.05) free fatty acids, neutral oil loss, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium than crude degummed soybean oil from the US or Argentina. Our analysis suggests that environmental conditions under which soybeans are grown, stored, and handled can have a large impact on chemical composition and nutrient quality of soybean meal and soybean oil.

There are challenges in the utilization of soybean-based foods due to undesirable flavors associated to the Lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitors causing oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic Acid and alpha linolenic) in soybean. This study aimed to prepare soybean based yoghurt with different amounts of lemon grass essential oil in the ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µl per litter of soy yoghurt. The different treatments of Soybeans based yoghurt analyzed for protein by Kjedhal method, fats by Soxhlet method, total ash by muffle furnace method, crude fiber by dry oven method, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis and viscosity, by AOAC method, total phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method and sensory analysis by effective tests with 10 panelists using five hedonic scale tools. The results ranges for Moisture content,%(89.3-89.6%); Protein,%(5.5-6.8%); Fat,%(2.7-3.6% ); Total Ash%(0.43-0.53 %); Crude Fiber,%(0.06-0.33 %) and Carbohydrate,%(0.59-0.93 %). Physiochemical properties which included; PH (4.30-5.59); Viscosity, (2.85-3.17 Pa.s); Titratable acidity, (0.01-0.07 g\l) and Synersis (6.44-7.56) and Total Phenolic compound (8.59-18.40 mg/g). The level of pH showed a significant variation between the treatments while titratable acidity, syneresis and viscosity did not show any significant variations. Total phenolic compounds also varied significantly between some treatments. Sensory evaluation showed that the treatment (100 µl) with highest level of lemon grass essential oil per liter of soy yoghurt was the most liked. In conclusion, incorporation of lemon grass essential improved the level of phenolic compounds and sensory properties of yoghurt. More studies need to be carried out on the effects of lemon grass extract on the microbial status of the enriched soy yogurt.

The prevalence of COVID-19 in the community has become more difficult to gauge utilizing clinical testing due to a decrease in reported test results stemming from the availability of at-home test kits and a reduction in the number of cases seeking medical treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the trend of diminishing correlation between reported clinical cases of COVID-19 and wastewater-based surveillance epidemiological data as home testing became available in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Wastewater grab samples were collected weekly from 16 regional locations from June 2021-December 2022. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 N1 and N2 viral particles using reverse transcriptase digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (RT ddPCR). N1 and N2 gene copies were correlated with clinical cases. The t-test was used to determine correlation deterioration point. Clinical cases post-deterioration were calculated for high-correlated pre-deterioration locations using linear regression. Correlation between the wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and reported clinical cases deteriorated after February 1, 2022. This corresponds with the timeframe in which commercially available at-home test kits became available in the United States. The increase in at-home testing for SARS-CoV-2 likely contributed to the decrease in reported clinical positive tests in early 2022, providing an unrealistic picture of the presence of Covid-19 in the community. As measures to reduce exposure such as personal masking, clinical testing, social isolating, and quarantining continue to decline, wastewater surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 may be the best method for public health professionals to remain aware of virus dynamics in localized regions. Time-series modeling adds another layer of information when clinical data is unobtainable or underreported.

Gummy stem blight (GSB), a severe and widespread disease causing great losses to cucurbit production, is a major threat to melon production. However, the melon-GSB interaction remains largely unknown, which significantly impedes the genetic improvement of melon for GSB resistance. Here, full-length transcriptome and widely targeted metabolome were used to reveal the early defense responses of resistant (PI511890) and susceptible (Payzawat) melon to GSB. Differentially expressed genes were specifically enriched in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathway in PI511890, while in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism in Payzawat. More than 1000 novel genes were identified in PI511890, which were enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway. There were 11,793 alternative splicing events identified and involved the defense response to GSB. A total of 910 metabolites were identified, with flavonoids as the dominant metabolites. Integrated full-length transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that eriodictyol and oxalic acid may be used as marker metabolites for GSB resistance in melon. Moreover, post-transcription regulation was widely involved in the defense response of melon to GSB. These results improve our understanding of the interaction between melon and GSB and may facilitate the genetic improvement of GSB resistance of melon.

Title: Secondary Syphilis Presenting as Fever of Unknown OriginAuthors: Hannah Eloise Wilding, BS1; Amy Hays, MD2

A Rare Case of Giant Mediastinal Thymolipoma in an 18-Year ManHourieh Soleimani1

CO2 as a greenhouse gas causes a series of issues, and catalytic utilization of CO2 to fuels is a favorable strategy. Herein, we report the discovery in CO2 hydrogenation reaction where C5+ yield can be evidently improved by encapsulating ZnFe2O4 inside ZSM-5, in which the micro-environments of core-shell components can be tuned. For the ZnFe2O4, the K promoter makes the Fe-C structure more electron deficient than the Na, which contributes to the formation of long-chain olefins. ZSM-5 with K or Ce modification presents enhanced adsorption ability of alkene, then promoting aromatization and isomerization reactions of alkenes. Compared with Ce, K-ZSM-5 contributes to isomerization rather than aromatization, forming more isoparaffins. In this work, regulating the microenvironment of capsule catalysts provides a new idea for the design of efficient tandem catalysts, and expands the ability of hybrid catalysts against other catalysts, thus presenting an excellent catalytic efficiency for CO2 upgrading.

Illuminated leaves assimilate CO 2 via gross photosynthesis and liberate CO 2 via photorespiration and ‘day respiration’, often denoted as R d. Day respiration is a minor CO 2-exchange component of net photosynthesis but is important for carbon use efficiency, computations of internal conductance, or the interpretation of net photosynthetic 12C/ 13C fractionation. Unfortunately, there is no simple method to measure R d and tracing the origin of C-atoms found in day-respired CO 2 is difficult. As a result, a common misconception is that day respiration is simply a catabolic, CO 2-producing flux through ordinary catabolism (glycolysis and Krebs ‘cycle’). In the past few years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of day respiration. It appears that R d is a net flux resulting from several CO 2-generating and CO 2-fixing reactions, not only related to catabolism but also to anabolism (biosyntheses). In addition, there is now direct evidence that decarboxylating reactions are partly fed by carbon sources disconnected from current photosynthesis and this effect has consequences for isotopic mass-balance. Therefore, leaf day ‘respiration’ is much more than just CO 2 production by respiratory catabolism. Rather, it reflects whole metabolic orchestration of leaves from N fixation to secondary metabolism and it perhaps deserves another name, such as “day decarboxylations”.

Here, we describe for the first time the sperm morphology of Tingidae (Heteroptera). They are small insects presenting lacy patterns on their pronotum and hemielytra and are exclusively phytophagous, with many economically important species. We studied five species of the tribe Tingini (Tinginae): Teleonemia scrupulosa, Vatiga illudens, Gargaphia lunulata, Leptopharsa sp., and Corythucha arcuata. Their spermiogenesis process is similar to other Heteroptera, with some differences in the formation of the centriole adjunct. This structure extends in the anteroposterior spermatid axis, flanking the nucleus, possibly contributing to nucleus remodelling and sperm elongation. The mature sperm of Tingidae is also similar to that of other Heteroptera, with features that corroborate the group’s monophyly. Our data support previous results for their sister family, Miridae, which exhibits some characteristics exclusive to this taxon, not present in Tingidae or other Heteroptera. They also support the sister relationship of the genera Gargaphia and Leptopharsa and suggest closer relationship between Vatiga and Corythucha. Overall, this study sheds light on the sperm ultrastructure of Tingidae and provides information for understanding the evolution and diversity of Heteroptera.

There is growing interest in uncovering genetic kinship patterns in past societies using low-coverage paleogenomes. Here, we benchmark four tools for kinship estimation with such data: lcMLkin, NgsRelate, KIN, and READ, which differ in their input, IBD estimation methods, and statistical approaches. We used pedigree and ancient genome sequence simulations to evaluate these tools when only a limited number (1K to 50K) of shared SNPs (with minor allele frequency ≥0.01) are available. The performance of all four tools was comparable using ≥20K SNPs. We found that first-degree related pairs can be accurately classified even with 1K SNPs, with 85% F1 scores using READ and 96% using NgsRelate or lcMLkin. Distinguishing third-degree relatives from unrelated pairs or second-degree relatives was also possible with high accuracy (F1 >90%) with 5K SNPs using NgsRelate and lcMLkin, while READ and KIN showed lower success (69% and 79%, respectively). Meanwhile, noise in population allele frequencies and inbreeding (first cousin mating) led to deviations in kinship coefficients, with different sensitivities across tools. We conclude that using multiple tools in parallel might be an effective approach to achieve robust estimates on ultra-low coverage genomes.

Birds and ants co-occur in most terrestrial ecosystems and engage in a range of interactions. Competition, mutualism and predation are prominent examples of these interactions, but there are possibly many others that remain to be identified and characterized. This study provides quantitative estimates of the frequency of toe amputations resulting from ant bites in a population of migratory red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) monitored for 15 years (2009-2023) in S Spain and identifies the attacker(s) based on taxonomic analyses of ant-mandible remains found on injured toes. Less than 1% of examined adults (N = 369) missed one or more toes. The analysis of ant remains identified African army ants (Dorylus sp.) as the primary cause of toe amputations in nightjars and revealed that body parts of the attacker may remain attached to the birds even after intercontinental migration. No cases of severe damage were observed in juveniles (N = 269), apart from the mandible of a Messor barbarus –a local ant species– attached to one of the teeth of the characteristic comb of the medial toe of nightjars. The incidence of ant-bite damage may appear unimportant for nightjar populations, but this might not be true if only birds that manage to survive their injuries and potential complications (e.g. severe bleeding and sepsis from opportunistic infections) return from the tropics. More field studies, ideally in tropical areas, that incorporate routine examination of ant-induced injuries into their protocols are needed to understand the true incidence and eco-evolutionary implications of antagonistic ant-bird interactions.

Anil Nepali1,2, Satyam Kharga1, Malavika Jayan2,3, Prakriti Adhikari4, Amit Shah1, Vivek Sanker2,5

Patterns of pathogen prevalence are, at least partially, the result of coevolutionary host-pathogen interactions. Thus, exploring the distribution of host genetic variation in relation to infection by a pathogen within and across populations can provide important insights into mechanisms of host defence and adaptation. Here we use a landscape genomics approach (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide data (ddRADseq) to test for associations between avian malaria (Plasmodium) prevalence and host genetic variation across 13 populations of the island endemic Berthelot’s pipit (Anthus berthelotii). Considerable and consistent spatial heterogeneity in malaria prevalence was observed among populations over a period of 15 years. The prevalence of malaria infection was also strongly positively correlated with pox (Avipoxvirus) prevalence. Multiple host loci showed significant associations with malaria prevalence after controlling for genome-wide neutral genetic structure. These sites were located near to or within genes linked to metabolism, stress response, transcriptional regulation, complement activity and the inflammatory response, many previously implicated in vertebrate responses to malarial infection. Our findings identify diverse genes - not just limited to the immune system - that may be involved in host protection against malaria and suggests that spatially variable pathogen pressure may be an important evolutionary driver of genetic divergence among wild animal populations, such as Berthelot’s pipit. Further, our data indicate that spatio-temporal variation in multiple different pathogens (e.g., malaria and pox in this case) may have to be studied together to develop a more holistic understanding of host pathogen-mediated evolution.

Reference conditions are difficult to find in the Anthropocene but essential for effective conservation of biodiversity. Aquatic ecosystems in the Andes-Amazon transition zone of Colombia are now at high risk due to expanded human activities after peace agreements in 2016 ended armed conflict. Expanding human land use may reduce fish diversity across the altitudinal gradient but especially in premontane streams (i.e., <500 m a.s.l.) because lands are more amenable to human use than at greater altitudes. We evaluated natural fish diversity in twelve sites over eight years bracketing the end of armed conflict. Strong differences in community structure (measured as species richness, total abundance, and effective species number, and multivariate analyses) occurred as a function of altitude, as measured by. Our results provide a baseline to identify short-term and long-term changes due to impending human land use at a critical moment for the conservation of tropical fish diversity.

Dynamic fluorescent materials used in data encryption suffer from photodegradation, poor latency, and susceptibility to unauthorized access. Herein, we propose a photochemically modulated dynamic fluorescent encryption system based on 1O2 sensitization of fluorescent composites, comprising a 1O2-sensitive fluorophore (F2) and non-emissive polymers. After UV irradiation, in-situ generation of 1O2 from the polymer effectively binds with F2 to form endoperoxides (F2EPO), resulting in a significant redshift in emission, up to 150 nm. The 1O2 concentration is closely related to the irradiation time, enabling time-gated encryption with diverse fluorescent colors. Moreover, polymer properties can be manipulated to further regulate F2EPO emission. Relying on these merits, we develop a dynamic data encryption method with various non-emissive polymers as the data storage media, UV light irradiation as the data encoder, and F2 as the data decoder. UV light irradiation of diverse polymer solutions generates 1O2 at different concentrations, effectively encoding the data, which remains invisible under both UV and natural lights. The addition of F2 to these irradiated polymer produces different redshifted fluorescence, enabling secure data decryption. Attributing to the non-emissive polymers, time-gated readout fashion, excellent latency of 1O2, and subtle interactions between 1O2 and F2, this data encryption is nearly undecipherable.

Bilateral indirect ovarian inguinal hernia in a young female with type 1 Mayer Rokitansky Küster Hauser syndrome: An extremely rare clinical contextAuthors : Bhatta Sunil 1, Ojha Hemant1, Ansari Meraj Alam2, Shrestha Anuj31-Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.2-Department of General surgery, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.3- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Nisarga Hospital and Research Center Pvt. Ltd.Data availability statement : Data described to support the findings is openly accessible in the article.